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2011职称英语重点语法讲解:分词的独立结构
如果你努力,你会成功的。
defeated (= though he was defeated), he remained a popular boxer。
虽然他被击败了,但他仍然是一个受人喜爱的拳击手。
4. 分词的独立结构
1) 分词作状语时,要特别注意其逻辑主语必须和谓语动词的主语一致。否则,分词必须有自己的主语,这种带主语的分词被称为分词的独立结构,或叫独立主格。在句中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件等。例如:
the project finished, they had a two weeks' leave。
完成那个计划后,他们休了两周假。
he being absent, nothing could be done。
由于他缺席,什么事也没法干。
2) 独立结构有时也可以用“with/ without +名词(或代词的宾语)+ 分词”的结构,表示伴随状况。例如:
they sat there silently, (with) their eyes fixedon the lake。
他们静静地坐在那里,眼睛看着湖面。
with him helping me, i felt lucky。
有他的帮助,我感到很幸运。
5 . 容易混淆的现在分词和过去分词
像 interesting 和 interested 一类的分词在意义和用法上很容易混淆,一般可作如下区分:
( 1 )一部分表示“情感;心情”等意义的动词的现在分词有“令人……的;具有……性质的”的意思,常用来说明人或事物的特征或性质。如:
the president made an inspiring speech at the meeting yesterday。
( 2 )它们的过去分词有“感到……的”的意思,用来指人的感觉或所处的状态,因而它的主语一般不可能是指物的词。如:
he was too excited to fall asleep。
这类容易混淆的分词常见的有: encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; inspiring, inspired; interesting, interested; puzzling, puzzled; astonishing, astonished; surprising, surprised 等。
经典例题解析:
1.the olympic games, ______ in 776 b.c,did’t include women players until 1919.
a.first playing b.to be first played c.first played d.to be first playing
析:根据题干,必须选表示被动的选项,故排除a、d;因b选项表“将要被举行”意,不合题干之用,只有c选项(相当于which was first played)才合用。
2.european football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world。
a.making b.makes c.made d.to make
析:b、c是谓语动词,在此不可用。d项to make或表目的,或表“将要使得”,这都不合题干情景。只有a.making,可作状语,表结果。再举一现在分词作结果状语例: the bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay。公共汽车被大风雪所阻,因而耽误了。
3.little jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening。
a.to be taken b.to take c.being taken d.taking
析:根据this evening,应选表示将来义的选项,c、d应排除。take后无宾语,必然要用被动式,故答案为a。
4.john was made ______ the truck for a week as a punishment。
a.to wash b.washing c.wash d.to be washing
析:根据be made to do sth。句式,可定答案为a。
5.the patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation。
a.to eat not b.eating not c.not to eat d.not eating
析:根据warn sb。(not)to do sth。句式,可排除b、d两项;又根据非谓语动词的否定式not总是在首位的规律,又可排除a,而定c。
6.——i usually go there by train. ——why not ______ by boat for a change?
a.to try going b.trying to go c.to try and go d.try going
析:此题可根据why not后直接跟原形动词规律而一举确定正确答案为d。若将b项改为try to go,则要根据其与try going意义之别来确定答案。依据题干对话内容,乙方是建议甲方尝试乘船变变花样,所以答案仍为d。
7.______ a reply,he decided to write again。
a.not receiving b.receiving not
c.not having received d.having not received
析:非谓语动词的否定式not应置于首位,b、d皆为错误形式。a项不能表达先于decided的动作,只有选c项才表没收到信在先,决定再写信在后,所以c为正确答案。
8.charles babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer。
a.to invent b.inventing c.to have invented d.having mvented
析:consider表“考虑”意时,其后动词用doing形式,此处不表“考虑”,而表“认为”,这时consider后作宾语补足语或主语补足语多为to do,to have done,to be等形式。据此可排除b、d两个选项。又因a表“要发明”意,不合题用,只有c表“发明了”意,才合题用,故选c。(来源:新东方在线)
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